火烧迹地木炭对兴安落叶松种子萌发的影响

通过对大兴安岭兴安落叶松火烧迹地木炭的野外调查和取样,分别选取不同来源（兴安落叶松,白桦,灌木,草本）的木炭,以及不同火烧时间（当年,1年,4年,5年）的木炭,研究不同种类木炭浸提液,以及相同种类不同火烧时间木炭浸提液对兴安落叶松种子萌发的影响。研究结果发现,不同来源、不同时间的木炭对兴安落叶松种子的萌发均有显著性的影响,但作用力的方向和大小也各不相同,这说明木炭对种子萌发的影响因素非常复杂。     

响应面优化长白落叶松体胚形成早期培养条件的研究

以长白落叶松胚性愈伤组织为材料,通过Box-Behnken Design设计试验,建立以体胚发生量为响应值的响应面模型,优化长白落叶松体胚形成早期的培养条件。结果表明：相对离子浓度（P=0.007）、肌醇浓度（P=0.000）、培养周期（P=0.000）、肌醇浓度与培养周期的交互作用（P=0.007）对长白落叶松体细胞胚胎发生量的影响极为显著。长白落叶松体胚形成早期的最适培养条件为：相对离子浓度26.767 7% BM、肌醇浓度10.454 5 g·L^-1、培养周期12.656 6 d,预测体细胞胚胎的发生量为337.04 个·g^-1。为便于实际操作,验证试验将培养条件调整为：离子浓度25% BM、肌醇浓度10 g·L^-1、培养周期13 d,体胚平均发生量为336.46 个·g^-1,与预测值336.29 个·g^-1基本一致,体胚萌发率与生根率分别达100%和83.33±5.78%,与前期试验相比,长白落叶松体胚发生的数量和质量均有显著提高。     

长白落叶松种子园亲本生长与结实性状综合评价

生长与结实性状是种子园亲本重要的评价标准,本研究以长白落叶松种子园58个亲本无性系为试验材料,对其生长与结实性状进行测定及分析。方差分析结果表明,除通直度、节间距、0和1.3 m树皮厚度外,各性状在无性系间均存在显著差异,其表型变异系数变化范围为8.05%~54.97%,重复力变化范围为0.102 3~0.744 2。高变异、高重复力有利于优良无性系选育。利用主成分分析将各性状分为4个主成分（Y1、Y2、Y3、Y4）,不同无性系各主成分值差异较大。以生长与结实性状为评价指标,利用多性状综合评价法,以10%的入选率,L59、L56、L77、L90、L92和L87等6个选为优良无性系,其主成分Y1值均较大,树高、胸径和材积的平均遗传增益分别为15.43%、8.25%和29.73%。本研究可为长白落叶松无性系种子园优良亲本建园材料选择提供理论基础。     

模拟气候变暖对东北兴安落叶松径向生长的影响

2004年在带岭、孙吴、松岭和塔河构成的纬度梯度上分别选取幼龄兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii),将其统一移栽到纬度较低的帽儿山地区,以模拟温度升高对兴安落叶松径向生长的影响。在2013年生长季(6—9月)分别在4个纬度移栽原地和移栽地(帽儿山)的树木主干和小枝上取样,主干用微生长锥钻取样芯,小枝直接截取一段,主干和小枝的样品用石蜡切片法得到扩大细胞和成熟细胞的大小及数量的动态变化。结果表明:温度升高导致兴安落叶松主干扩大细胞大小和数量均增加,但是主干径向生长与温度升高不呈正比。生长季前期(6月),带岭小枝成熟细胞数量明显高于其他两组,但在8月晚材细胞数量偏少,表明其还在继续生长。生长季后期(8月),松岭兴安落叶松小枝扩大细胞平均大小为5μm,分化数为4个,而松岭移栽到帽儿山后扩大细胞平均大小为9.9μm,分化数为7个,增长了近1倍。松岭成熟细胞大小较其他两地偏大,可能与其水分状况有关。温度升高不能直接改变植物生长周期一类由基因控制的生理特性,但是对树木不同构件的影响力是不同的,小枝受到的影响要大于主干。当全球变暖尤其是伴随降水量减少时,将减少兴安落叶松径向生长,包括管胞直径、数量和生长周期。通过纬度变化模拟气候变暖,深入分析不同构件树木生长对气候变化的响应,为预测气候变化对兴安落叶松生长及分布的影响提供依据。     

山西太岳山小流域土壤水分空间异质性及其影响因子

以山西太岳山华北落叶松林地为主的小流域作为研究对象,采用地统计学方法结合地理信息系统(GIS)技术手段,研究了接石沟小流域土壤水分(0—60cm)的空间变异特征,以及植被分布和地形因子对其影响规律。结果表明:在时间稳定性的前提下,土壤水分含量和变异系数随土层加深逐渐降低。三层土壤水分半方差函数的最优拟合模型为球状模型,变程范围在1.1—1.4 km,均具有强烈的空间自相关性,其中0—20 cm和20—40 cm层土壤水分的空间异质性程度高于40—60 cm土层,以中间层的结构因素占总变异比例最大。自然结构因素(地形、母质、植被和土壤等)对不同土层土壤水分的总空间变异性起主导作用(81.4%—91.3%),而随机因素(取样误差、人为干扰等)的影响相对较小(8.7%—18.6%)。沿着集水线由西-东方向,从边缘的土壤水分高值斑块区逐渐过渡到明显的低值斑块区,梯度变化明显。研究发现,在植被覆盖异质性小的山地,土壤水分的空间异质性主要由地形因素引起,具体表现为其与坡向指数(TRASP)、坡度、海拔和土壤有机碳、全氮呈极显著相关关系(P0.01),而与植被指数(NDVI)呈弱的负相关关系。叠加分析显示,在阴坡、坡度较缓(15°)及高海拔叠合的区域土壤水分含量较高。研究结果可为山地人工林构建和植被恢复中土壤水资源的利用以及水分管理策略的制定提供理论依据。     

Spatiotemporal variation and scale effect of canopy leaf area index of larch plantation on a slope of the semi-humid Liupan Mountains,Ningxia, China

Aims Leaf area index (LAI) is an important canopy structure parameter characterizing ecological and hydrological processes, such as forest growth, canopy interception and transpiration. Forest LAI is limited by both light and soil water availability, thus may vary with slope position and seasonality. This study is aimed at the spatiotemporal variation of LAI and its relationship with environmental variables. Methods A 34-years-old Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii planted forest situated on a typical slope located in a small watershed of Xiangshuihe within Liupan Mountains was selected for LAI observations. Sixteen plots along a 30 m wide transect along the slope was surveyed from May to October of 2015 to measure the monthly canopy LAI. Important findings It showed there was a remarkable difference of LAI among slope positions. The LAI in May decreased toward downslope direction with a scale effect of -0.02/100 m. Whereas for the period from June to August, LAI showed a nonlinear variation along slope positions: increasing from to top slope downward, reaching its maximum at the middle slope, and then decreasing to the slope foot. The scale effect of LAI was +0.15/100, +0.16/100, and +0.18/100 m in the slope range (downward positive) of 0-244.2 m, but -0.09/100, -0.08/100, and -0.07/100 m in the slope range of 244.2-425.1 m for June, July and August, respectively. The LAI increased toward downslope in September and October, with a slope scale effect of +0.03/100 m and +0.09/100 m, respectively. The seasonal variation of LAI-slope relationship showed a shift from the light and temperature control in the early growing season, to the soil water resources control in the mid growing season, and then to an integrated control of many factors in the late growing season. In the early growing season when soil moisture and nutrients were abundant, terrain shading limited the leaf growth in middle and downslope. From early to the mid growing season, the soil moisture on the slope was quickly depleted due to fast evapotranspiration and poor moisture retention of the coarse soil. On the other hand, average solar height increased, and allowed direct light radiation to penetrate to the middle then downslope. The result is that the leaf growth in the middle slope was the strongest in the mid growing season. During the late growing season, the temperature decreased fast in the mountain top to incur earlier leaf fall than the mountain foot. Thus the LAI exhibited the increasing trend toward the downslope.     

Responses of radial growth to temperature in Larix gmelinii of the da Hinggan Ling under climate warming北大核心CSCD

Aims The Da Hinggan Ling is amongst the areas in China susceptible to climate warming. The objective of this study is to determine the responses of radial growth to temperature variations in Larix gmelinii growing in different parts of the Da Hinggan Ling in the process of climate warming, by using dendrochronological techniques. Methods We collected tree-ring samples from the southern, the middle and the northern parts of the main Da Hinggan Ling, developed site-specific ring-width chronologies, and synthesized tree-ring indices of the southern, the middle and the northern parts of the study area according to the first principal component loading factors for each chronology. The relationships between radial growth in L. gmelinii and temperature variations were determined with correlation analysis, and the differences in the responses of radial growth to temperature variations among various parts were analyzed and compared with principle component analysis. Important findings There were notable discrepancies in the effects of temperature variations on radial growth in L. gmelinii between the southern and the northern parts of the study area (the middle part > the northern part > the southern part). In the southern part, the mean monthly temperature between the previous November and April of the current year had a significant relationship with tree-ring indices (p < 0.05). In the middle part, the mean monthly temperature during March and October of the current year had a significant relationship with tree-ring indices (p < 0.05), and so did the mean monthly temperature during June and August of the previous year (p < 0.05). The mean monthly temperature during April and May of the current year had a highly significant relationship with tree-ring indices in the northern part (p < 0.01). This study suggests that the warmer and drier regional climate condition caused by elevated temperature has resulted in that soil moisture becomes the main factor limiting the radial growth, and the relationship between tree growth and temperature variations signified with aggravated soil drought under climate warming. The productivity in L. gmelinii as reflected by basal area increment experienced a shift response from cold stress to water stress. In addition, the radial growth in L. gmelinii in the Da Hinggan Ling will likely to show a declining trend in the southern and the middle parts, and an increasing trend in the northern part, in response to rapid warming in the coming decades.     

Effects of climate change on net primary productivity in Larix olgensis plantations based on process modeling

Aims Climate change has significant effects on net primary productivity (NPP) in forests, but there is a large uncertainty in the direction and magnitude of the effects. Process-based models are important tools for understanding the responses of forests to climate change. The objective of the study is to simulate changes in NPP of Larix olgensis plantations under future climate scenarios using 3-PG model in order to guide the management of L. olgensis plantations in the context of global climate change.Methods Data were obtained for 30 permanent plots of L. olgensis plantations in Siping, Linjiang, Baishan, etc. of Jilin Province, and a process model, 3-PG model, was applied to simulate changes in NPP over a rotation period of 40 years under different climate scenarios. Parameter sensitivity was also determined. Important findings The locally parameterized 3-PG model well simulates the changes in NPP against the measured NPP data, with values between 272.79-844.80 g·m^-2·a^-1 and both mean relative error and relative root mean square error within 12%. The NPP in L. olgensis plantations would increase significantly with increases in atmospheric CO₂ concentration, temperature and precipitation collectively. However, an increase in temperature alone would lead to a decrease in NPP, but increases in precipitation and atmospheric CO₂ concentration would increase NPP; the positive effect of increasing precipitation appears to be weaker than the negative effect of increasing temperature. Sensitivity analysis shows that the model performance is sensitive to the optimum temperature, stand age at which specific leaf area equals to half of the sum of specific leaf area at age 0 (SLA₀) and that for mature leaves (SLA₁), and days of production loss due to frost.     

帽儿山17个种源落叶松针叶的水分利用效率比较

研究环境变化下的树木水分利用效率对探讨森林生态系统碳水耦联关系及其对气候变化的响应和适应对策具有重要意义。落叶松(Larix gmelinii)为我国北方森林的建群种之一。将水热条件不同的17个种源落叶松种植在帽儿山森林生态系统研究站的同质园内30年后, 测定其针叶水分利用效率(WUE)及其相关因子。结果表明: WUE、净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、比叶面积(SLA)和叶片氮含量(N_L)均存在显著的种源差异(p < 0.05)。WUE和G_s呈显著指数相关关系, 当G_s < 0.2时WUE随G_s的增大而明显增大, 而当G_s > 0.2时WUE趋于稳定。WUE和SLA及N_L分别呈线性负相关和正相关关系, 且随种源原地的干燥度指数(AI)的增大其相关性明显增强。WUE和种源原地年平均气温、平均年降水量及AI分别呈线性负相关、负相关和正相关关系, 并且相关系数依次增大; T_r则仅和种源原地年平均气温呈线性正相关关系, 而P_n和种源原地AI呈线性正相关关系。不同种源落叶松由于对种源原地环境条件的适应而存在针叶结构和生理特征的显著差异, 并因此引起针叶水分利用效率的差异。     

春季解冻期不同纬度兴安落叶松林的土壤微生物生物量

以移栽自兴安落叶松林自然分布区内4个纬度梯度(塔河、松岭、孙吴和带岭)的8年生兴安落叶松林为对象,于移栽3年后(2007年)的春季土壤解冻期,采用氯仿熏蒸浸提法测定了4个纬度梯度(处理)土壤的微生物生物量碳(C_mic)和微生物生物量氮(N_mic)的时间动态.结果表明：在相似基质和相同气候条件下,移栽自4个纬度梯度的兴安落叶松林春季土壤解冻期的C_mic和N_mic平均值差异显著,呈随纬度升高而减少、随土层加深而下降的分布格局.其中塔河、松岭、孙吴和带岭的C_mic平均为554.63、826.41、874.81和1246.18 mg·kg^-1,而N_mic分别为70.63、96.78、79.76 和119.66mg·kg^-1.C_mic和N_mic在解冻前达到最大值;解冻初期迅速下降;在冻融交替阶段变化不显著,且维持在较低水平;在解冻末期,来自低纬度的带岭和孙吴的C_mic回升较快. 春季冻融期土壤温度和含水量对C_mic和N_mic的影响显著,其影响程度随冻融阶段而变化.土壤微生物生物量与解冻前的土壤温度呈负相关,与整个解冻期间的土壤含水量呈指数关系.